2014年12月21日星期日

1966.12.21英国外交官得到红卫兵传单刊登毛泽东10.25重要讲话

 按:19661025日毛泽东在中共中央工作会议上发表讲话,主旨有二,一是解释他为何走上前台发动文革,二是安抚各地诸侯说不会打倒他们,希望他们能振奋精神、做好思想教育工作以应对急剧发展的文革。如果不算中共八届十一中、十二中全会和九届二中全会的话,这是整个文革10年中毛泽东唯一一次召集如此之多实权人物并直接训话(196723月举行的军以上干部会议是军队系统开会,性质不同)。

根据下面的传单,毛10.25讲话在1966.12.1312.21先后由不同的红卫兵组织翻印发表,19671月间英国驻华外交官从荷兰同事那里得到12.21传单的复本,英国人认为从语言内容、风格、开会时间上都可以确信这是毛的讲话。不过虽然毛在10.25讲话中说他相信红卫兵们和他一样不想打倒地方实力派,但现实并非如此。英国外交官说北京外交圈统计到19671月已经有80%的中共中央委员会成员受到了严厉攻击,应该说这个数字是准确的。

中共直到1998年才在《建国以来毛泽东文稿》第十二册里正式发表了毛泽东的这篇讲话(见附件),这个版本与红卫兵公布的版本相比较,内容基本是一致的。主要的区别是官方正式版略去了一个地名“河南”和两个人名“李雪峰”、“伍修权”,红卫兵公布版的三处对应原文分别是:“河南十个书记就有七八个搞接待工作,红卫兵一冲就乱了”、“有两个红卫兵问李雪峰,‘我们的老前辈为什么这样怕红卫兵?’ ”、“伍修权的四个孩子分成四派,几十个同学到他们家来,我看小接触有好处。”

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Office of the British
Charge d'Affaires,
PEKING.
CONFIDENTIAL
1018/67                                31 January, 1967.

I enclose a document we have recently obtained from our Dutch colleagues, which purports to be the text of a speech delivered by Mao on 25 October, 1966. It is a photocopy of a text originally circulated by Red Guards on 21 December. I also enclose our translation, on which we have spent as much time as we could spare. We believe the translation is reasonably accurate but, given the obscurity of some of the Chinese and the near-illegibility of parts of the text, it would be as well for it to be looked at again.

2.    We are inclined to accept that the document probably is the record of a speech by Mao. Both the content and the style seem, to us, to have the ring of the genuine article. Moreover, we had heard a number of rumours that there had been a meeting of the Central Committee in late October, and we are now prepared to accept this speech as reasonably solid evidence of such a meeting at that time.

3.    The text of the speech is a fascinating - and an alarming - document. It suggests a Mao who, in October, was arrogantly sure of himself and his position - prepared to concede that he had "responsibility" for some of the mistakes of the past but regarding with an amused detach­ment the effect of his ''shake-up" (i.e. the Cultural Revo­lution) on the Chinese Communist Party. He blandly assures his (no doubt) anxious listeners that he does not intend to "strike them down”, and expresses his belief that most of them will pass the test. All that was required was for comrades to correct a few errors. And yet, despite Mao’s assurances and his assertion that "in his view" the Red Guards did not wish to strike them down either, it would seem that his audience had good reason to be worried. The picture of the whole country is still far from complete, but if events in Shanghai, Taiyuan and Peking are at all repre­sentative, it appears that very many Party functionaries did not, in fact, pass the test. Latest estimates in the Peking diplomatic circle are that some 80 per cent of all Central Committee members have been seriously attacked.

4.     If we accept the speech at its face value, it throws a few interesting shafts of light on events before and during the early part of the Cultural Revolution. It is helpful, for example, to have Mao’s explanation of why the criticism of Wu Han began in Shanghai rather than Peking. But the most important aspect is the confirmation that the- movement is essentially Mao’s personal campaign. It is his attempt to purge China, executed with a callous lack of loyalty to old colleagues and a blithe disregard of the damage he may be doing to the delicate administrative fabric of his country. He is aiming to stop China going "soft" and sliding into revisionism, and is also seeking to correct other errors - such as not "taking a grip" and not getting to the root of problems ("healing the head when the head is sick"), during the past seventeen years, the "first and second lines" have not been united. Many things have gone wrong, and not all the blame can be laid at the doors of "Comrade Shao-ch'i" and "Comrade Hsiao- p’ing".

5.    As ever with Mao, his solution and his explanation of past shortcomings is based on "doing political and ideological work properly". The audience was to go back to the provinces, hold many days of meetings, and the problems would then be cleared up. Three months have now passed, during which political and ideological work has been carried out on a scale unprecedented even in China. Yet the solutions to the problems appear to be further off than ever. Ideological work seems to have been so ineffective against the "economist" attacks of the handful in power following the capitalist road that the Army has had to be called in to help the "real leftists" struggle against that section of the masses which has been "hood­winked". It would be fascinating to hear Mao's explanation of the present state of affairs.

6.    I am copying this letter and the translation to Wilson (J.I.R.D.), Brewer (J.R.D.), Emrys Davies in Hong Kong, Brian Gilmore in Washington, Terence O'Leary in Canberra and to Bangkok. As the reproduction facilities available to you are much better than those we have here, we are leaving to you the further distribution of the Chinese text, if you consider it to be worthwhile.

Yours ever
Ray

(R. W. Whitney)

To: J. B. Denson, Esq.., O.B.E.
 Far Eastern Department.

出处:英国外交部档案FCO_21_8



附件:
毛泽东在中央工作会议上的讲话 


  (一九六六年十月二十五日)

  我讲几句,讲两件事。

  十七年来,有些事情,我看是做得不好,比如文化意识方面的事情。

  想要使国家安全,鉴于斯大林一死,马林科夫挡不住,发生了问题,出了修正主义,就搞了一个一线、二线。现在看起来,不那么好。我处在第二线,别的同志处在第一线,结果很分散。一进城就不那么集中了。搞了一线、二线,出了相当多的独立王国。所以,十一中全会对一线、二线的问题,就做了改变。

  十一中全会以前,我处在第二线,不主持日常工作,有许多事情让别人去做,想让他们在群众中树立威信,以便我见马克思的时候,国家不那么震动。以前的意思是那样。大家也赞成这个意见。但处在第一线的同志处理得不那么好。现在,这个一线、二线的制度已经改变了。但红卫兵还不知道已经改变了。

  我也有责任。为什么说我也有责任呢?第一是我提议搞书记处,政治局常委里头有一线、二线。再,就是过于信任别人。

  引起警觉,还是“二十三条”那个时候。

  从许多问题看来,这个北京就没有办法实行解决,中央的第一线中存在的问题就是这样。所以,我就发出警告说,北京出了修正主义怎么办?这是去年九十月间说的。我感觉到,在北京我的意见不能实行,推行不了。为什么批判吴晗不在北京发起呢?

  北京没有人干这件事,就在上海发起。姚文元同志的文章,就是在上海发表的。

  北京的问题,到现在可以说基本上解决了。

  我要说的再一件事,就是这次文化大革命运动。

  我闯了一个祸,就是批发了一张大字报;再就是,给清华大学附属中学红卫兵写了一封信;再,我自己写了一张大字报。

  给清华大学附属中学红卫兵的信,并没有送出,但是他们已经知道了,传出去了。

  文化革命运动时间还很短。六月、七月、八月、九月,现在十月,五个月不到。所以,同志们不那么理解。

  时间很短,来势很猛。我也没有料到,一张大字报(北大的大字报)

  一广播,就全国轰动了。给红卫兵这封信,我还没有发出,全国就搞起红卫兵来了。各种各派的红卫兵都有,北京就有三四个司令部。

  红卫兵一冲,把你们冲得不亦乐乎。

  上次会议,我说,会议的决定,有些人不一定执行。果然好多同志还不理解。经过两个月以后,碰了钉子,有了一些经验,这次会议就比较好了。

  这次会议有两个阶段,头一个阶段的发言不那么正常,后一个阶段就比较顺了。你们自己的思想有了变化。

  总而言之,这个运动才五个月。可能要搞两个五个月,或者还要多一点时间。那个时候还会有新的经验,还要总结。

  我们的资产阶级民主革命,搞了二十八年才胜利,开始原也不知道怎么革法,包括我自己在内。从一九二一年起到一九四九年,二一、三一、四一到一九四九年,二十八年。我们自己也是逐步地在实践中间总结经验,找出道路来的。民主革命搞了二十八年,社会主义革命也搞了十七年了。这个文化革命只有五个月,所以,不能要求同志们现在就那么理解了。

  自从去年十一月批判吴晗开始,许多同志也没有看文章,也不大去管。京戏改革,批判《武训传》,批判俞平伯的《红楼梦研究》,批判胡适,等等,更不用讲了。

  过去,没有全盘抓起来。我说这个责任在我。谁让你没有系统地抓起来呀?个别的抓了,头痛医头,脚痛医脚,不行,问题不能解决。

  这一次文化大革命运动的以前几个月,去年十一月、十二月,今年一月、二月、三月、四月、五月,虽然有那么多文章,中间,五月十六,又发了一个“通知”,可是,并没有引起多大的注意。我看,还是大字报、红卫兵一冲,你们不注意也不行。拿同志们的话来讲,叫“革命革到自己头上来了”。那末,赶快总结经验吧。

  为什么两个月以后,现在又来开这次工作会议呢?就是要总结一下经验,做政治思想工作。林彪同志讲,要做政治思想工作。很对。你们回去有大量的政治思想工作要做。中央局、省一级、地一级、县一级,至少这四级要开一个十几天的会,真正把问题讲清楚。也不要企图所有的干部统统弄得清楚,不可能,总有一些人不那么清楚,思想不通。

  好几个同志对我讲,“原则上我是赞成的,到了具体问题上又糊涂了”。这种话我就不那么相信。原则上你又理解,具体问题又不得解决,是什么道理?现在我看,恐怕也有一点道理。不然为什么老这么讲?原则上是赞成的,碰到具体问题又处理不好,恐怕还是政治思想工作没有做好。比如上次开会回去以后,就没有开好会,有些地方就根本没有开,有些地方开了,也不是那么充分,被红卫兵一冲就乱了。假如有十个书记,就要有七个或者八个去接见红卫兵。接见慢了要冲进来。学生们生了气,自己还不知道,又没有准备回答什么问题,以为表面上一应付,表示欢迎,就解决问题了。人家有一肚子气,几个问题一问,不能回答,就处于被动。这个被动也可以改变的,可以改变为主动的。

  我对这次会议以后的情况,信心增加了。我就不讲上次会议讲过的话了,说这一次会等于不开,回去还是老章程,维持现状,跟红卫兵对立,跟一派红卫兵对立,利用另一派红卫兵保驾。这种状况,我看会改变,情况开始好转了。当然,不能过高要求。中央局、省、地、县这几级,还不讲县以下广大的干部,全部都那么快地就通了,不一定。总有一些人想不通,有一小部分,还是会要对立的。但是,我们相信大多数会讲得通的。

  我讲这么两件事。一件事是历史,讲一线、二线的问题。

  第二件事,是文化大革命的问题。

  文化大革命这个火是我放起来的。时间很仓促,只几个月。跟二十八年的资产阶级民主革命,十七年的社会主义革命比较起来,这个文化革命只不到半年。不那么通,有抵触,这是可以理解的,是自然的。很多同志,过去尽搞经济工作,工业、农业、交通运输,或者做一些别的政治工作、行政工作,就没有设想到搞这场文化大革命。现在学生不是冲得厉害吗,没有设想到的事情来了。来了就来了。这一冲,我看有好处。过去多少年我们没有想的事情,这一冲就要想一下了。无非是犯一些错误,那有什么了不起的呀?路线错误,改了就是了。谁人要打倒你们呀?我是不要打倒你们的,我看红卫兵也不一定要打倒你们。有两个红卫兵说,他们到全国跑了一趟,他们没有料到有些老前辈这么害怕红卫兵。他们说,红卫兵有什么可怕的?有一位同志,他家里有四个红卫兵,就是他的儿女,分成四派,还有他们的同学,有很多人到他家来,大概有十几个二十个吧!他接触了那么一点人。另外也有接触几十个人的,也有接触一二百人的。我看小接触很有益处。大的接触,一百五十万人,我们一个钟头就搞完了。这也是一种形式,一种方式。各有各的作用。

  这一次会议的简报,差不多我全都看了。你们过不了关,我也着急呀。时间太短,可以原谅,不是存心要犯路线错误,有的人讲,是糊里糊涂犯的。也不能完全怪刘少奇同志、邓小平同志。他们两个同志犯错误也有原因。

  过去中央第一线没有领导好。时间太短,对新问题没有精神准备,政治思想工作没有做好。所以,这一次又做了十七天。我看,以后会好一些。


出处:《建国以来毛泽东文稿》第十二册,1998年。

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